a construction describing an event, in which an external cause has been 'added' to the base event, and the external cause is salient enough to be expressed as a core argument phrase, specifically the subject. Example: I made Fred wash the car is an instance of a causative construction in which Fred washing the car is the base event, and an external cause (me) is added and is encoded as the subject. (Sections 9.1, 9.2)