the event that is expressed in the basic voice construction, with its set of central and peripheral participants in their prototypical level of salience/ topicality, whose valency is considered basic for that event semantic class. Example: in Fred baked me a shepherd's pie, the base event is Fred baking the pie (i.e., excluding transferring the pie to me). A noncausal event is simply a monovalent base event. (Section 9.1)