the semantic relation between two events where one event is characterized by the substitution of a second event that is not normally a part of the first event. Example: We barbecued chicken at home instead of going out to eat is a figure–ground construal of the simultaneous relation in an adverbial clause construction, and We didn't go out to eat, and barbecued chicken at home (instead) is a complex figure construal of the relation in a coordinate clause construction. In the figure–ground construal, the substituted event is construed as the ground. (Section 15.3.1)