a strategy in which a referent in a possessive relation to a participant in an event (normally in the P role or sometimes the S role of the event) is expressed as an argument of the predicate instead of in a possessive modification construction. Example: in Maasai áa-bʊak-ıtá ɔldía 'My dog is barking', the portmanteau index áa- indexes the owner of the dog as the object argument of the predicate. (Section 7.5.3)