a propositional attitude event in which a positive epistemic stance toward the relevant proposition expressed is presupposed to be taken by the speaker; and the predicate expressing such an event. Example: in Sally knows that Donald won the election, Sally's belief with respect to the proposition that Donald won the election is reported by the speaker; and, in addition, a positive epistemic stance is taken by the speaker toward that proposition (i.e., the speaker believes that Donald indeed won the election). (Section 18.2.2)