in complex sentence constructions that express reference tracking, the situation where the salient - participant in the current clause is indicated to be coreferential with the salient participant in another clause in the construction. The salient participant is typically, but not always, encoded as the subject of the predicate. Example: in Having finished the chapter, Bill went to bed, the zero anaphora in Having finished the chapter signals that the subject referent of finishing the chapter is coreferential with the subject referent of the matrix clause, namely Bill. (Section 16.1)