a causal relation between a set of events that are associated with a scalar model on the one hand, and another event, such that the other event would occur under the entire range of conditions described in the scalar model associated with the first set of events. Example: However much advice you give him, he does exactly what he wants to do is an instance of the concessive conditional relation and construction – the protasis However much advice you give him introduces a scalar model of your giving him a full range of amounts of advice; and the apodosis he does exactly what he wants to do describes the event that occurs or would occur under any of those conditions. The speaker has a neutral epistemic stance toward the range of events associated with the scalar model. The apodosis has an unexpected causal relation with respect to the set of events that make up the protasis. A concessive conditional may express a content, epistemic, or speech act causal relation. (Section 17.3.3)