describing an entity from an 'outside', explicit perspective on the entity, in contrast to a subjective construal. Example: in the objective epistemic modal - construction Jim thought that Wendy was in Santa Fe, the attitude about whether Wendy being in Santa Fe is true is that of Jim, not the speaker, and in the past, not at the time of the speech event; both of these pieces of information are explicitly expressed in the sentence (Jim and thought). It is also possible to construe speaker attitude at the speech event time as objective, as in I think that Wendy was in Santa Fe, where speaker (I) and speaker attitude (think) are explicitly expressed. (Section 12.3.4)