in complex sentence constructions that express reference tracking, the situation where the salient - participant in the current clause is indicated as not coreferential with the salient participant in another clause in the construction. The salient participant is typically, but not always, encoded as the subject of the predicate. Example: in Harry having finished preparing the salad, Bill brought it to the table, the overt referring phrase Harry in Harry having finished preparing the salad signals that the subject referent of finishing the salad is not coreferential with the subject referent of the matrix clause – namely, Bill. (Section 16.1)